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Transporter, Replicator & Holodeck
Transporter - Replicator - Holodeck
Matter or bits?
The transporter has been the subject of extensive
discussions among science amateurs as well as actual scientists. However, unlike other
technical devices of Star Trek its
working principle remains nebulous. It is controversial
whether the transporter beam contains the very atoms of the target or only a data
stream that represents the particles and their coordinates for a reconstruction out of any given matter.
In a more universal view, the question is whether a person's essence or soul has
a physical nature or whether it can be reduced to mere data. This question also
crops up in episodes in which a conscience is transferred, like in TOS:
"What are Little Girls Made of?", "I, Mudd", "Return to
Tomorrow", "Turnabout Intruder", "Star Trek: The Search for
Spock", TNG: "The Schizoid Man" and several more.
We get some insight into the technology pertaining to the transporter in the STTNG Technical Manual, where the first assumption appears to be true - the transporter transfers the object's very matter. In this case a person is not going to "die" when being dematerialized, but is only changing consistency from a solid to a matter stream state (whatever this is supposed to mean in a physical or biological sense). This is supported by several statements that people remain conscious and even move while they are already being transported, like in "Star Trek II" when Kirk and Saavik keep talking during the procedure, in TNG: "Realm of Fear" where Barclay is able to grab someone while in the transporter beam, or in ENT: "Countdown" where Hayes is being shot while he is already dissolving. Scotty's pattern remained intact in the transporter beam for more than 70 years in TNG: "Relics", although we don't know if he remained conscious. But ultimately the disappearance of Emory Erickson's son Quinn who is moving all the time while in the matter stream state (in which he had been for 15 years) proves that a person in a transporter beam is alive all the time. Dr. Phlox can even record Quinn's vital signs before he has materialized. How biological functions may continue to work all the time without being able to breathe and to eat is still another question.
This is what Rick Sternbach wrote about the transporter in a newsgroup message (posted 07.04.99):
"The transporter definitely uses the person's (or object's) own matter and transmits it over a jacketed beam. While it uses a lot of the same field manipulation technologies as a replicator, it doesn't replicate the person (or object). The fact that we've heard people talking in the transporter beam seems to say that you don't get unzipped in a linear fashion (like from the top of your head to your toes), but more like atoms taken from all over, randomly, but with all the quantum state and position data temporarily recorded for reassembly. It's pretty analogous to the difference between recording a television broadcast (replicator) and simply sending out a live broadcast (transporter), because in the case of the latter, there's just too much data to record, at least with Federation technology."
Bearing in mind that regular television exists since 1936, whereas the first commercial video tape recorder appeared as late as 1972, this development seems to be quite plausible.
So we should expect that the pattern of a beamed object or person remains unique and cannot be duplicated by simply activating a second transporter beam. This, however, is exactly what happens in the TNG episode "Second Chances" where another Riker materializes from a second beam. There are several other episodes suggesting the transporter is capable of recreating matter from computer data. For example, in DS9: "Our Man Bashir" the patterns of Sisko, Kira, Dax, Worf and O'Brien are stored all over the station's computer system as if they were pure bits. TNG: "Lonely Among Us" suggests that it is possible to convert a person's matter to pure energy (so Picard can merge with the mysterious cloud). In TOS: "The Enemy Within" and VOY: "Tuvix" the transporter must have taken additional matter from somewhere, as one Kirk and one Tuvix, respectively, was split into two individuals. In a similar fashion, the kids in TNG: "Rascals" were restored to twice as heavy adults using the transporter.
Lately, in the real world an experiment succeeded to transfer the quantum state of a photon, which was called "quantum teleportation" in the press. The state of the original photon was changed and therefore lost in the operation to determine this very state, but the result could be transferred and applied to a second particle which did assume exactly the same state. The state itself remained unknown because of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Could this be how the Heisenberg compensator works? This device seems to be a key component of the transporter, and it was "invented" by the authors after criticism from physicists that it wouldn't be able to resolve the quantum states because of the Heisenberg uncertainty. It is questionable if the procedure of "quantum teleportation" can be applied to macroscopic objects likewise. Actually, a technology to scan, disassemble, let alone reassemble an object like a human body doesn't even exist in theory. Anyway, if this were possible and each particle would undergo the same treatment as the above photon, the quantum transporter would transfer data bits, but would still not be able to produce a copy of the beamed object, since its original quantum states have to be read destructively.
Cross-section of a personnel
transporter (typical)
(TNG Technical Manual)
Fundamental physical limitations The transporter will -unfortunately- never work the way it is shown in Star Trek, even if transporting macroscopic matter should be possible in theory. This is on one hand due to the fact that the data volume is unbelievably large, considering the number of particles e.g. in a human body, no matter if real atoms or just bits are transported. In his book The Physics of Star Trek Lawrence Krauss reckons that there are about 1028 atoms in a human body, equaling about 1028 kilobytes of data volume. Even if some kind of 3D-JPEG compression is employed - imagine how a person would look afterwards in case JPEG settings were too progressive ;-) - the bandwidth would be far too high for any present or future channel to be transferred in finite time, meaning something like a few seconds. Storing the data, on the other hand, will not be a major problem if we assume a real-time broadcasting. Even in the case that actually all atoms and their locations were kept stored as bits simultaneously, the required memory might be only a few cubic meters large, just like the transporter buffer, the "tank" on the deck below the transporter platform.
The second problem is how the necessary resolution, meaning the distinction between two neighboring atoms, should be achieved if an object is beamed up from a planet surface 40,000 kilometers away - the maximum operation range according to the STTNG Technical Manual. The facts that the device used by Bok in TNG: "Bloodlines" is explicitly called "subspace transporter" and that beaming at warp speed is not recommended suggest that the standard transporter relies on the normal EM spectrum. Thus, the transporter would have to use X-rays with a wavelength of less than a nanometer to resolve single atoms, which would be extremely harmful for the human body. Aside from that, the inevitable diffraction would cause the reconstruction to blur. A low diffraction limit and thereby sufficient resolution can only be achieved with a very large aperture of the "lens" through which the object is scanned and restored - of about the same size as the distance between the planet and starship!
The third reason (of probably several more) is that for any matter/data transfer a transmitter and a receiver is required, but where is the receiver on an unexplored planet? In case of such a transport, the matter/data beam would have to stop at the right position for every particle of the beamed object or body.
Transporter vs. replicator The technology of replicators is supposed to be based on the transporter. This is explicitly mentioned in TNG: "Ship in a Bottle", and several other quotes concerning "matter conversion" as well as the STTNG Technical Manual suggest that the technologies are related. The transporter converts existing matter to a form that can be transferred over relatively long distances, and vice versa. It is not clear whether pure energy, i.e. an electromagnetic wave, or a "matter stream" is transferred (see above). In any case, the transporter must securely dissolve, transfer and restore extremely complex structures and even living organisms. Compared to this, the specification of a replicator is rather simple. The replicator may predominantly work on a molecular base, which is sufficient to create food or articles for daily use. In most cases recycled matter can be used for replication. The only reason why the replicator might be more advanced is that the a replicator "recipe" is permanently stored, whereas transporter patterns are transferred in real time. Nevertheless, it is not plausible why the replicator should be a spin-off technology of the transporter, invented one century later.
Starfleet food replicator (typical)
(Star Trek Fact Files)
Replicators in TOS? TOS had some sort of "food slots" (often called "food processors", although I am not sure whether this was actually on screen) that may have been able to create at least simple meals from raw ingredients. We can see the food processors in the recreation room in TOS: "The Naked Time" and "The Trouble with Tribbles", for instance. There is even a food processor in the transporter room, as seen in TOS: "Tomorrow is Yesterday". Based on the evidence in TOS, it is possible that the device only distributes food which is prepared in a conventional kitchen, though. For once, there is still a kitchen aboard the ship in "Star Trek: The Undiscovered Country", but maybe this is only used for special occasions. Also, despite the device in the transporter room, no one seemed to have a food processor in his quarters. Yeoman Rand routinely served meals to Kirk and also to Sulu (TOS: "The Man Trap"). Nurse Chapel brought a plomeek soup to Spock in TOS: "Amok Time", and Garrovick received his food from outside his quarters too in TOS: "Obsession". All this suggests that the replicator didn't yet exist, or its capabilities were very restricted, plus they were too large or too complicated to be installed in each room.
On the other hand, in some (earlier) episodes like TOS: "The Naked Time" the food consists of colorful jelly cubes that look quite artificial and insinuate "space food" that would not be cooked in a conventional fashion. In Star Trek Enterprise we see that there is definitely some sort of food processor, a protein resequencer, that can create at least very simple nourishment and yet something tastier than artificially flavored jelly cubes. This certainly requires that the Enterprise NCC-1701 must have an equal or rather more advanced technology. At latest in "Star Trek: The Undiscovered Country", ironically the movie in which the kitchen is shown for the first time, there is something closely resembling a 24th century replicator. This is no surprise, since TNG sets of the Enterprise-D were slightly modified to build the interior of the Enterprise-A.
Replicating antimatter In Star Trek "antimatter" mostly specifically refers to antideuterium, the presumably only form of antimatter that is technically used in the Federation, most prominently for power generation on starships. According to the TNGTM there is a massive antimatter generator aboard a Galaxy-class vessel to produce small amounts of antimatter once the supply is exhausted. This occurs at a very low efficiency of one atom of antideuterium per ten atoms of deuterium. The generator obviously operates unlike a replicator and could be more like a particle accelerator like we already know it today. The so-generated extra supply of antideuterium is supposed to be used only in emergency situations when the impulse reactors are not capable of providing enough power. Irrespective of the existence of the generator which was never mentioned on screen, the question may arise whether antideuterium, or antimatter in general can't be simply replicated. There might be no need for an antimatter generator, and the ship would never run out of antimatter.
Side note In VOY: "Threshold", when the Doctor needs to treat the mutated Lt. Paris with antiprotons, B'Elanna mentions that the only place on the ship where antiprotons are generated is the warp core. But here the antiprotons are apparently just a by-product of the matter/antimatter reaction, and probably radioactive waste.
Security concerns may be one reason why antimatter is not replicated, much like it can't be moved with the transporter "without extensive modifications...", as stated in the TNGTM. Antimatter was transported a couple of times though, like each time when a shuttle was beamed in or when the photon torpedo was transported onto the Borg vessel in VOY: "Dark Frontier". But considering that a perfect magnetic confinement must be maintained during the whole generation process, it may be generally considered safer to guide a well-defined magnetic bottle of antimatter through the system than to execute a process with antimatter involved in the replicator. We also have to bear in mind that beaming out the antimatter would have prevented many warp core breaches, yet targeting the instable core with the transporter was not even considered an option.
There is, however, a fundamental rationale why replicators can't create antimatter. According to the TNGTM the replicators perform "molecular synthesis", meaning that they rearrange substances on the molecular level. Replicators are a form of nanochemistry. In order to replicate anything, they require the same amount of the same type of matter as raw material. They are not capable of creating matter from pure energy, although this may have been stated once or twice on screen -- but even the transporter which almost definitely doesn't work like that was occasionally said to perform an energy-to-matter transformation. Replicators are not capable of generating particles from their antiparticles either for which they would need to magically revert the charges of all elementary particles. Some alien technologies like especially particle synthesis (VOY: "Hope and Fear", "In the Flesh") may be more powerful and may create any form of matter from any other form of matter or from energy. Hence the name of the technology which was said to be more advanced than replication.
"Holomatter" The holodeck consists of two main subsystems, a holographic imagery system and a matter conversion system (STTNG Technical Manual). The imagery system, with the omnidirectional holodiode (OHD), provides a projection of light and can be used to display objects that are not supposed to interact with the holodeck users and are usually "far" away from them. A second version of the OHD can be employed to project a forcefield, thereby allowing interaction. The matter conversion system, on the other hand, is used for anything that is likely to be touched, eaten, drunk or taken out.
This explains why some objects created in the holodeck just disappear when they are taken outside, while others continue to exist. In TNG: "The Big Goodbye", for instance, the mobsters who tried to leave the holodeck vanished a few meters outside, whereas Picard could take the sheet of paper with Moriarty's drawing of the Enterprise to his ready room in TNG: "Elementary, Dear Data". However, according to the STTNG Technical Manual holographic characters are actually a combination of forcefields and real replicated matter. Kira confirms this notion in DS9: "The Way of the Warrior". They would not cease to exist outside the holodeck, but would only be without forcefield control. So why did Cyrus Redblock disappear in TNG: "The Big Goodbye", unless he was a mere projection?
The Star Trek Encyclopedia II supplements that "holodeck matter" includes holographic characters. It is supposed to be "a partially stable form of matter, created by transporter-based replicators, for use in holographic simulations" and would degrade into energy outside the holodeck - exactly what happened to the hologangster. Yet, this holomatter doesn't comply with the description of the holodeck principle in the STTNG Technical Manual. It would be a third method of creating objects in addition to mere projections and real replicated matter. A similar impression is created in TNG: "Ship in a Bottle", where it was tried to beam Moriarty out, as if his consistency had to be stabilized (using pattern enhancers). It might have been a ruse, though. Another point is that, according to Tom, one can't get drunk from holographic wine (VOY: "Parallax"). Either Tom is just silly and it is synthehol anyway, so it wouldn't matter if it was created in a holodeck or a replicator, or it is the mysterious "holomatter" again.
Still another point is why most holographic characters are composed of (holo-) matter, whereas Voyager's EMH is definitely a "simple" (he would protest about being simple ;-)) projection of light and forcefields, as he claims himself. Since the Doctor works perfectly, it is not plausible why other holographic characters consist of "holo-flesh", provided that holomatter exists at all.
Holodeck (typical)
(Star Trek Fact Files)
Size of holodeck objects Obviously many holographic environments are much larger than the holodeck itself. This can be explained with a "treadmill" effect that scrolls the simulated environment as a person is moving within the holodeck. This might work perfectly if there are only few persons, and if they stay close together. But what happens if they move far away from each other? In this case the holoprojectors would have to create a different environment for each person, and at some point the room to create the illusion would become too small. Most obviously, this should have been the case in TNG: "Homeward" when Nikolai Rozhenko transported a whole village population, at least a few dozen people, into a holodeck. A different size problem becomes obvious in VOY: "The Killing Game" where the wall of a four-story building was blown away with the safety protocols disabled. It was actually the wall of the holodeck itself, and four decks became visible. It may be doubted that Voyager has such a large holodeck. The dialogue mentioned that the holodeck was being extended, but it looked like Harry Kim was just installing emitters in various corridors.
Holodeck power failure We have seen a power failure in VOY: "Night" when Tom and Seven were trapped in the "Captain Proton" simulation during an alien attack. Instead of the expected immediate disappearance of all projections (which can be supposed to require a permanent power input), the hologrid was "frozen". The scenery was still being displayed, as if everything was replicated and therefore physically present. Even the active EM filter converting everything to black & white was still functional. Moreover, Seven managed to disable the safety protocols and used a "ray gun" -obviously a replicated object- to disable an intruding alien. All this doesn't comply with the known principle of the holodeck.
Credits
The idea to link body switching to the operation principle of the transporter comes from Lyle Zynda's essay in Boarding the Enterprise. Thanks to Joshua Bell for some suggestions about the transporter, to Jack Bohn for some examples of the food processors in TOS and to Ron Valencia for a hint about antiproton generation.
Technology FAQ @ Joshua Bell's
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